Workshop

Workshop on Negotiating Bilateral Investment Treaties: Burkina Faso

From December 18 to 20, 2023, IISD held an in-person workshop for Burkina Faso government officials. The workshop advanced the officials' ability to negotiate bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in support of sustainable development.

December 18, 2023 9:00 am - December 20, 2023 6:00 pm

(By invitation)

For several years, IISD has assisted Burkina Faso in creating an integrated national framework for negotiating BITs that promote socially and environmentally sustainable investments.

As part of the reform efforts, Burkina Faso has adopted a procedural guide for investment treaty negotiations and a national model BIT.

To ensure that these tools are fully utilized, IISD has recommended the establishment of a permanent, cross-cutting National Investment Treaty Negotiation Committee. The negotiation team will be responsible for coordination between the various ministries and agencies involved in the investment treaty negotiation process.

This workshop trained the members of the emerging National Investment Treaty Negotiation Committee—including representatives from Burkina Faso’s ministries responsible for industry, foreign affairs, the economy, and finance—on the country’s new tools for negotiating BITs.

The workshop’s specific objectives were to

  • increase the participants' foundational understanding of international investment law;
  • heighten the participants' awareness of the complexities involved in negotiating and finalizing investment treaties;
  • foster the participants' commitment to embracing Burkina Faso's new investment treaty negotiation system; and
  • strengthen a group of experts specializing in BIT negotiations in Burkina Faso.
Report

Illicit Financial Flows and Conflict in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining: Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger

This report examines artisanal mining in border areas plagued by conflict and presents recommendations for policy-makers in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger.

September 13, 2022

Artisanal and small-scale mining is an essential component of West African economies. Millions of people within the region depend on it, either directly or indirectly, for their livelihoods, and it is responsible for a significant proportion of the region's mineral and metal production. When effectively governed and supported, the sector offers an excellent opportunity to advance national and regional sustainable development goals, including through the mobilization of national revenues and the creation of employment for the most vulnerable.

The 2012 discovery of a rich vein of gold stretching across the Sahel region from east to west and the subsequent gold rush coincided with a rise in religious extremism, conflict, and crime in the region, particularly in the three countries: Niger, Burkina Faso, and Mali.

Illegal activities, including armed violence, terrorism, and organized crime, have exacerbated governance problems in parts of the three countries; large areas at the confluence of the three borders are now beyond the control of governments and are expanding. There is an urgent need to support government efforts to restore stability, protect their citizens and the environment, formalize mining operations, reduce corruption, and increase tax revenues from the sector.

This report presents an analysis of the context of artisanal mining in border areas currently plagued by violence and conflict. The analysis focuses on three key areas:

  • The current regional and national governance frameworks for artisanal and small-scale gold mining
  • Illicit financial flows associated with the sector
  • The links between conflict, crime, and artisanal gold mining

Finally, the report offers recommendations to the governments of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger on how they can strengthen their response to the threat of illicit financial flows, conflict, and crime associated with artisanal and small-scale gold mining.

Report

Impact of New Mining Technologies on Large-Scale and Artisanal Mining in Burkina Faso

This case study of Burkina Faso considers what the new technologies coming down the pipeline in the mining sector will mean for labour force and productivity in both the large-scale and artisanal mining in that country.

December 14, 2021
  • With a poverty rate of over 40%, population growth of 3.1%, and a high level of youth unemployment and under-employment, Burkina Faso is heavily reliant on sectors like mining to provide decent jobs.

  • Job losses from automation in large-scale mining will mostly be in low-skilled jobs occupied by locals.

  • New technologies in the artisanal mining sector can bring much-needed improvements in efficiency and environmental performance but may also decimate employment among the most vulnerable: women and youth.

New technologies are changing the face of mining worldwide, with fundamental implications for the number and types of jobs the mine will support, as well as for health and safety, women’s place in the mine, greenhouse gas emissions, and the efficiency and viability of mining operations. IGF’s New Tech, New Deal project explored what types of technology we could expect to see, what the impacts might be, and what sorts of government policies are available to best manage the changing relationship between mines and their host countries and communities.

This case study, based on extensive interviews and research, describes the major impacts that Burkina Faso can expect, covering both the large-scale and artisanal mining sectors. The study was produced to feed into the final report of the New Tech, New Deal project.

Report

Managing Local Community Development Related to the Mining Industry: A workshop for WAEMU member states

From July 1 to 5, 2019, IGF held a workshop in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on the management of community development related to the mining industry.

September 3, 2019

From July 1 to 5, 2019, IGF held a workshop in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on the management of community development related to the mining industry.

Workshop participants included 22 officials from administrations responsible for mining, economy and finance and six representatives from municipalities of member states of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU).

This training and discussion workshop was organized by the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF), in partnership with the WAEMU Commission, as part of the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding between the WAEMU Commission and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).

The workshop’s main facilitators were Mr. Sominé Dolo, expert in economics and finance and founding partner of Kanaga Consulting, and Dr. Suzy H. Nikièma, International Law Advisor and Regional Coordinator for Africa for the IISD ELP Program. Mr. Adama Soro, consultant in the governance of extractive resources, Mr. Rémy Barry, community development consultant, and Mr. Oumar Traoré and Mr. Amidou Ouattara, SEMAFO, also presented their perspectives on
specific issues.

Report details

Insight

Burkina Faso Adopts a New Agricultural Investment Code: How does it contribute to sustainable development?

The strengths and growth potential of Burkina Faso's new Agricultural Investment Code.

October 22, 2018

The agriculture sector is vital to Burkina Faso’s economy.

(Francais suivre)

Reinforcing the sector’s importance, the President of Burkina Faso enacted in June 2018 a new agriculture investment code aiming at promoting productive investments in livestock, fisheries, forestry and fauna management (The Agricultural Investment Code). It establishes an enabling environment and creates incentives to boost investment in the targeted sectors. The adoption of this law completes a long process in which IISD has been engaged with the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, together with other partners, since 2012.
 

Eighty-six per cent of the country’s population are active in agriculture, which provide about 45 per cent of households’ incomes, according to the document on agriculture related-sectors investment opportunities.

Burkina Faso’s rural sector contributed nearly 33 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) between 2005 and 2015, but this contribution decreased to 27.8 per cent in 2017, in part prompting the government’s ambitious plan to accelerate agricultural transformation. The newly adopted agricultural investment code aims to develop resilient and productive rural sectors, while reinforcing a market-oriented approach based on the principles of sustainable development.

How does the new code reflect key sustainable investment issues? And what aspects could be improved?

The strengths: the code supports and reinforces the primacy of existing environmental, labour, land and tax laws, and prioritizes responsible investment.

The code makes specific and repeated references to the applicability of Burkina Faso’s existing laws and regulations, ensuring agricultural investors will be subject to all the country’s laws, including those on the environment, labour, tax and land. This avoids the risk that the code could be seen or used as a vehicle to allow agricultural investors to bypass other areas of law.

Another positive aspect is the applicability of the code to growth poles, an important emerging tool being harnessed by a number of African governments, including Burkina Faso with Bagrépôle as a pilot project. Agricultural growth poles are specific zones for concentrated production, processing, services and distribution of agricultural products with a view to increase value addition. An earlier version of the code had incorporated provisions excluding its application to growth poles. This was removed from the final draft, meaning that investors operating in growth poles should, in principle, comply with the Agricultural Investment Code.

It should be noted that the code does not extend to industrial processing or marketing of agricultural products, which are key activities more likely to occur in agricultural growth poles. Therefore, while these poles are covered in principle by the code, in practice, a crucial segment of the activities occurring in these areas is excluded.

Some shortcomings: provisions on employment incentives and prioritizing local goods and services could be stronger.

The code could also have stronger incentives for investors to use local goods and services or to establish community development agreements. The code only encourages local employment generation by offering fiscal incentives such as customs duties and tax exemptions based on the projected investment and its impact on job creation and, to a lesser extent, in terms of export of an important part of their production. To maximize job creation and other economic opportunities for the local community, the code could word related provisions as prescriptions for investors, irrespective of the grant of tax incentives. For example, the text could include provisions requiring investors to reserve unqualified positions for nationals and prioritize them, at equal competence, for qualified jobs. Then, more targeted and ambitious objectives could be required from investors willing to benefit from tax incentives.

Despite some shortcomings that can be fixed through implementation, the code is an important step in the right direction to attract responsible investment. At the same time, it provides more clarity and coherence for investors while strengthening the existing legal and regulatory system governing issues such as land and labour rights, environmental protections, and tax obligations.

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Le Burkina Faso adopte un nouveau code d’investissement agricole : comment contribue-t-il au développement durable?

Mohamed Coulibaly et H. Suzy Nikièma

Le secteur agricole est vital pour l’économie du Burkina Faso.

Renforçant l’importance du secteur, le Président du Burkina Faso a promulgué en juin 2018 un nouveau code des investissements agricoles visant à promouvoir des investissements productifs dans l’élevage, la pêche, la foresterie et la gestion de la faune (Code d’investissement agricole). Le code établit un environnement favorable et crée des incitations pour stimuler les investissements dans les secteurs ciblés. L'adoption de cette loi marque le couronnement d’un long processus dans lequel l'IISD a été engagé avec le ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Sécurité alimentaire, et d'autres partenaires, depuis 2012.

Selon le document sur les opportunités d’investissement dans les secteurs liés à l’agriculture, 86% de la population du pays travaille dans l’agriculture, qui fournit environ 45% du revenu des ménages.

Le secteur rural du Burkina Faso a contribué pour près de 33% au produit intérieur brut (PIB) du pays entre 2005 et 2015, mais cette contribution a baissé à 27,8% en 2017, ce qui a en partie motivé le plan ambitieux du gouvernement visant à accélérer la transformation agricole. Le code des investissements agricoles récemment adopté vise à développer des secteurs ruraux résilients et productifs, tout en renforçant une approche axée sur le marché fondée sur les principes du développement durable.

Comment le nouveau code reflète-t-il les principales questions liées à l'investissement durable ? Et quels aspects pourraient être améliorés ?

Les forces : le code soutient et renforce la primauté des lois existantes en matière d'environnement, de travail, de propriété foncière et fiscale, et priorise l'investissement responsable.

Le code mentionne de manière spécifique et répétée l’applicabilité des lois et réglementations existantes du Burkina Faso, garantissant que les investisseurs agricoles seront soumis à toutes les lois du pays, y compris celles relatives à l’environnement, au travail, aux impôts et à la terre. Cela évite le risque que le code soit vu ou utilisé comme un moyen permettant aux investisseurs de contourner d'autres domaines du droit.

Un autre aspect positif est l’applicabilité du code aux zones de croissance agricoles, un outil important de plus en plus utilisé par bon nombre de gouvernements africains, y compris le Burkina avec comme Bagrépôle comme projet pilote. Les pôles de croissance agricoles sont des zones spécifiques pour la concentration des activités de production, de transformation, de services et de distribution de produits agricoles dans le but d'accroître la valeur ajoutée. Une version antérieure du code comportait une disposition exemptant ces zones de son champ d’application La version finale du texte ne comporte pas cette disposition, de sorte que les investisseurs intervenant dans les pôles de croissances doivent se conformer au code d’investissement agricole.

On notera que le code ne s'étend pas aux activités de transformation industrielle ou de commercialisation des produits agricoles, qui sont des activités clés susceptibles de se produire dans les pôles de croissance agricole. De ce fait, même si ces pôles sont en principe couverts par le code, en pratique une part importante des activités qui se déroulent dans ces zones en est exclue.

Quelques limites : les dispositions du code sur les incitations à l’emploi et la priorisation des biens et services locaux auraient pu être renforcées

Le code aurait pu davantage inciter les investisseurs à utiliser les biens et services locaux ou à conclure des accords de développement communautaire. Le code encourage uniquement la création d'emplois locaux en offrant des incitations fiscales telles que des droits de douane et des exonérations fiscales basées sur l'investissement prévu et son impact sur la création d'emplois et, dans une moindre mesure, sur l'exportation d'une partie importante de leur production. Pour optimiser l’atteinte des objectifs en matière de création d’emplois et autres opportunités économiques pour la communauté locale, le code   auraient pu les formuler également sous forme de prescriptions pour les investissements couverts, indépendamment des incitations fiscales offertes. Par exemple, le texte aurait pu inclure l’obligation pour les investisseurs de réserver exclusivement les emplois non qualifiés aux nationaux, et leur accorder, à compétences égales, la priorité pour les emplois qualifiés. Des objectifs plus ciblés et ambitieux pourraient alors être requis des investisseurs pour bénéficier des incitations fiscales.

Malgré certaines lacunes qui peuvent être corrigées lors de la mise en œuvre, le code constitue un pas important dans la bonne direction pour attirer des investissements responsables. Il offre davantage de clarté et de cohérence aux investisseurs tout en renforçant le système juridique et réglementaire en vigueur pour régir des questions telles que les droits à la terre et au travail, la protection de l'environnement et les obligations fiscales.

Report

Training Workshop for UEMOA Member State Officials Regarding the Optimization of National Economies Participating in the Mining Sector's Value Chain, Burkina Faso, September 2017

September 24, 2017

The Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF) held a training workshop for government agency officials from the member states of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) regarding the optimization of national economies participating in the mining sector's value chain in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) in September 2017.

The workshop brought together 32 executive officers in charge of mines, national economies and finance from UEMOA member countries. The workshop was held in partnership with the UEMOA Commission, in connection with the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding between the UEMOA Commission and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).

Report details

Topic
Mining
Region
Burkina Faso
Focus area
Economies
Publisher
IISD
Copyright
IISD, 2017
Report

Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action in Burkina Faso

This report summarizes the climate risks and vulnerable sectors in Burkina Faso, providing an overview of adaptation policies and initiatives introduced in response at the national and sub-national levels.

August 27, 2016

This report provides an overview of current and planned efforts to advance adaptation to climate change in the landlocked West African country of Burkina Faso, for which climate change presents a significant challenge.

Among the least developed countries in the world, many Burkinabe continue to live in multidimensional poverty, have limited access to social services, and depend on climate-sensitive livelihood activities—particularly agriculture and livestock raising. The country historically has been affected by prolonged dry conditions and flooding due to heavy rainfall, and faces growing environmental concerns such as deforestation, land degradation and water scarcity. These circumstances leave the country vulnerable to climate change, as has been acknowledged by the Government of Burkina Faso in its national development strategy. The government has responded by engaging in adaptation planning, prioritizing actions related to water, agriculture, livestock and forestry. It has also begun to mainstream climate change considerations into the policies and plans of its most vulnerable sectors. The international community is supporting adaptation efforts in Burkina Faso, funding projects that primarily address needs related to its priority sectors and targeting populations in the country’s vulnerable northern areas. Significant additional capacity building within government, including local governments, and support for vulnerable populations is needed for Burkina Faso to maintain and advance the development gains it has achieved in recent years. These and other issues are explored in this paper, which is one in a series of country reviews prepared by IISD to provide the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) with a snapshot of adaptation action in its countries of engagement.

Report details

Topic
Climate Change Adaptation
Region
Burkina Faso
Project
Review of Adaptation Action in 15 Asian and African Countries
Focus area
Climate
Publisher
IDRC
Copyright
IDRC, 2016